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The Gnus Newsreader
*******************

   You can read news (and mail) from within Emacs by using Gnus.  The
news can be gotten by any nefarious means you can think of--NNTP, local
spool or your mbox file.  All at the same time, if you want to push your
luck.

   This manual corresponds to Gnus 5.9.0.

Starting Up: Finding news can be a pain.
The Group Buffer: Selecting, subscribing and killing groups.
The Summary Buffer: Reading, saving and posting articles.
The Article Buffer: Displaying and handling articles.
Composing Messages: Information on sending mail and news.
Select Methods: Gnus reads all messages from various select methods.
Scoring: Assigning values to articles.
Various: General purpose settings.
The End: Farewell and goodbye.
Appendices: Terminology, Emacs intro, FAQ, History, Internals.
Index: Variable, function and concept index.
Key Index: Key Index.

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Starting Gnus

Finding the News: Choosing a method for getting news.
The First Time: What does Gnus do the first time you start it?
The Server is Down: How can I read my mail then?
Slave Gnusae: You can have more than one Gnus active at a time.
Fetching a Group: Starting Gnus just to read a group.
New Groups: What is Gnus supposed to do with new groups?
Startup Files: Those pesky startup files---`.newsrc'.
Auto Save: Recovering from a crash.
The Active File: Reading the active file over a slow line Takes Time.
Changing Servers: You may want to move from one server to another.
Startup Variables: Other variables you might change.

New Groups

Checking New Groups: Determining what groups are new.
Subscription Methods: What Gnus should do with new groups.
Filtering New Groups: Making Gnus ignore certain new groups.

The Group Buffer

Group Buffer Format: Information listed and how you can change it.
Group Maneuvering: Commands for moving in the group buffer.
Selecting a Group: Actually reading news.
Group Data: Changing the info for a group.
Subscription Commands: Unsubscribing, killing, subscribing.
Group Levels: Levels? What are those, then?
Group Score: A mechanism for finding out what groups you like.
Marking Groups: You can mark groups for later processing.
Foreign Groups: Creating and editing groups.
Group Parameters: Each group may have different parameters set.
Listing Groups: Gnus can list various subsets of the groups.
Sorting Groups: Re-arrange the group order.
Group Maintenance: Maintaining a tidy `.newsrc' file.
Browse Foreign Server: You can browse a server. See what it has to offer.
Exiting Gnus: Stop reading news and get some work done.
Group Topics: A folding group mode divided into topics.
Misc Group Stuff: Other stuff that you can to do.

Group Buffer Format

Group Line Specification: Deciding how the group buffer is to look.
Group Modeline Specification: The group buffer modeline.
Group Highlighting: Having nice colors in the group buffer.

Group Topics

Topic Variables: How to customize the topics the Lisp Way.
Topic Commands: Interactive E-Z commands.
Topic Sorting: Sorting each topic individually.
Topic Topology: A map of the world.
Topic Parameters: Parameters that apply to all groups in a topic.

Misc Group Stuff

Scanning New Messages: Asking Gnus to see whether new messages have arrived.
Group Information: Information and help on groups and Gnus.
Group Timestamp: Making Gnus keep track of when you last read a group.
File Commands: Reading and writing the Gnus files.

The Summary Buffer

Summary Buffer Format: Deciding how the summary buffer is to look.
Summary Maneuvering: Moving around the summary buffer.
Choosing Articles: Reading articles.
Paging the Article: Scrolling the current article.
Reply Followup and Post: Posting articles.
Marking Articles: Marking articles as read, expirable, etc.
Limiting: You can limit the summary buffer.
Threading: How threads are made.
Sorting: How articles and threads are sorted.
Asynchronous Fetching: Gnus might be able to pre-fetch articles.
Article Caching: You may store articles in a cache.
Persistent Articles: Making articles expiry-resistant.
Article Backlog: Having already read articles hang around.
Saving Articles: Ways of customizing article saving.
Decoding Articles: Gnus can treat series of (uu)encoded articles.
Article Treatment: The article buffer can be mangled at will.
MIME Commands: Doing MIMEy things with the articles.
Charsets: Character set issues.
Article Commands: Doing various things with the article buffer.
Summary Sorting: Sorting the summary buffer in various ways.
Finding the Parent: No child support? Get the parent.
Alternative Approaches: Reading using non-default summaries.
Tree Display: A more visual display of threads.
Mail Group Commands: Some commands can only be used in mail groups.
Various Summary Stuff: What didn't fit anywhere else.
Exiting the Summary Buffer: Returning to the Group buffer.
Crosspost Handling: How crossposted articles are dealt with.
Duplicate Suppression: An alternative when crosspost handling fails.

Summary Buffer Format

Summary Buffer Lines: You can specify how summary lines should look.
To From Newsgroups: How to not display your own name.
Summary Buffer Mode Line: You can say how the mode line should look.
Summary Highlighting: Making the summary buffer all pretty and nice.

Choosing Articles

Choosing Commands: Commands for choosing articles.
Choosing Variables: Variables that influence these commands.

Reply, Followup and Post

Summary Mail Commands: Sending mail.
Summary Post Commands: Sending news.
Summary Message Commands: Other Message-related commands.
Canceling and Superseding: ``Whoops, I shouldn't have called him that.''

Marking Articles

Unread Articles: Marks for unread articles.
Read Articles: Marks for read articles.
Other Marks: Marks that do not affect readedness.
Setting Marks: How to set and remove marks.
Generic Marking Commands: How to customize the marking.
Setting Process Marks: How to mark articles for later processing.

Threading

Customizing Threading: Variables you can change to affect the threading.
Thread Commands: Thread based commands in the summary buffer.

Customizing Threading

Loose Threads: How Gnus gathers loose threads into bigger threads.
Filling In Threads: Making the threads displayed look fuller.
More Threading: Even more variables for fiddling with threads.
Low-Level Threading: You thought it was over... but you were wrong!

Decoding Articles

Uuencoded Articles: Uudecode articles.
Shell Archives: Unshar articles.
PostScript Files: Split PostScript.
Other Files: Plain save and binhex.
Decoding Variables: Variables for a happy decoding.
Viewing Files: You want to look at the result of the decoding?

Decoding Variables

Rule Variables: Variables that say how a file is to be viewed.
Other Decode Variables: Other decode variables.
Uuencoding and Posting: Variables for customizing uuencoding.

Article Treatment

Article Highlighting: You want to make the article look like fruit salad.
Article Fontisizing: Making emphasized text look nice.
Article Hiding: You also want to make certain info go away.
Article Washing: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
Article Buttons: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
Article Date: Grumble, UT!
Article Signature: What is a signature?
Article Miscellania: Various other stuff.

Alternative Approaches

Pick and Read: First mark articles and then read them.
Binary Groups: Auto-decode all articles.

Various Summary Stuff

Summary Group Information: Information oriented commands.
Searching for Articles: Multiple article commands.
Summary Generation Commands: (Re)generating the summary buffer.
Really Various Summary Commands: Those pesky non-conformant commands.

The Article Buffer

Hiding Headers: Deciding what headers should be displayed.
Using MIME: Pushing articles through MIME before reading them.
Customizing Articles: Tailoring the look of the articles.
Article Keymap: Keystrokes available in the article buffer.
Misc Article: Other stuff.

Composing Messages

Mail: Mailing and replying.
Posting Server: What server should you post via?
Mail and Post: Mailing and posting at the same time.
Archived Messages: Where Gnus stores the messages you've sent.
Posting Styles: An easier way to specify who you are.
Drafts: Postponing messages and rejected messages.
Rejected Articles: What happens if the server doesn't like your article?

Select Methods

The Server Buffer: Making and editing virtual servers.
Getting News: Reading USENET news with Gnus.
Getting Mail: Reading your personal mail with Gnus.
Browsing the Web: Getting messages from a plethora of Web sources.
Other Sources: Reading directories, files, SOUP packets.
Combined Groups: Combining groups into one group.
Gnus Unplugged: Reading news and mail offline.

The Server Buffer

Server Buffer Format: You can customize the look of this buffer.
Server Commands: Commands to manipulate servers.
Example Methods: Examples server specifications.
Creating a Virtual Server: An example session.
Server Variables: Which variables to set.
Servers and Methods: You can use server names as select methods.
Unavailable Servers: Some servers you try to contact may be down.

Getting News

NNTP: Reading news from an NNTP server.
News Spool: Reading news from the local spool.

Getting Mail

Mail in a Newsreader: Important introductory notes.
Getting Started Reading Mail: A simple cookbook example.
Splitting Mail: How to create mail groups.
Mail Sources: How to tell Gnus where to get mail from.
Mail Back End Variables: Variables for customizing mail handling.
Fancy Mail Splitting: Gnus can do hairy splitting of incoming mail.
Group Mail Splitting: Use group customize to drive mail splitting.
Incorporating Old Mail: What about the old mail you have?
Expiring Mail: Getting rid of unwanted mail.
Washing Mail: Removing cruft from the mail you get.
Duplicates: Dealing with duplicated mail.
Not Reading Mail: Using mail back ends for reading other files.
Choosing a Mail Back End: Gnus can read a variety of mail formats.

Mail Sources

Mail Source Specifiers: How to specify what a mail source is.
Mail Source Customization: Some variables that influence things.
Fetching Mail: Using the mail source specifiers.

Choosing a Mail Back End

Unix Mail Box: Using the (quite) standard Un*x mbox.
Rmail Babyl: Emacs programs use the rmail babyl format.
Mail Spool: Store your mail in a private spool?
MH Spool: An mhspool-like back end.
Mail Folders: Having one file for each group.
Comparing Mail Back Ends: An in-depth looks at pros and cons.

Browsing the Web

Web Searches: Creating groups from articles that match a string.
Slashdot: Reading the Slashdot comments.
Ultimate: The Ultimate Bulletin Board systems.
Web Archive: Reading mailing list archived on web.

Other Sources

Directory Groups: You can read a directory as if it was a newsgroup.
Anything Groups: Dired? Who needs dired?
Document Groups: Single files can be the basis of a group.
SOUP: Reading SOUP packets ``offline''.
Mail-To-News Gateways: Posting articles via mail-to-news gateways.
IMAP: Using Gnus as a IMAP client.

Document Groups

Document Server Internals: How to add your own document types.

SOUP

SOUP Commands: Commands for creating and sending SOUP packets
SOUP Groups: A back end for reading SOUP packets.
SOUP Replies: How to enable `nnsoup' to take over mail and news.

IMAP

Splitting in IMAP: Splitting mail with nnimap.
Editing IMAP ACLs: Limiting/enabling other users access to a mailbox.
Expunging mailboxes: Equivalent of a "compress mailbox" button.

Combined Groups

Virtual Groups: Combining articles from many groups.
Kibozed Groups: Looking through parts of the newsfeed for articles.

Gnus Unplugged

Agent Basics: How it all is supposed to work.
Agent Categories: How to tell the Gnus Agent what to download.
Agent Commands: New commands for all the buffers.
Agent Expiry: How to make old articles go away.
Agent and IMAP: How to use the Agent with IMAP.
Outgoing Messages: What happens when you post/mail something?
Agent Variables: Customizing is fun.
Example Setup: An example `.gnus.el' file for offline people.
Batching Agents: How to fetch news from a `cron' job.
Agent Caveats: What you think it'll do and what it does.

Agent Categories

Category Syntax: What a category looks like.
The Category Buffer: A buffer for maintaining categories.
Category Variables: Customize'r'Us.

Agent Commands

Group Agent Commands
Summary Agent Commands
Server Agent Commands

Scoring

Summary Score Commands: Adding score entries for the current group.
Group Score Commands: General score commands.
Score Variables: Customize your scoring. (My, what terminology).
Score File Format: What a score file may contain.
Score File Editing: You can edit score files by hand as well.
Adaptive Scoring: Big Sister Gnus knows what you read.
Home Score File: How to say where new score entries are to go.
Followups To Yourself: Having Gnus notice when people answer you.
Scoring Tips: How to score effectively.
Reverse Scoring: That problem child of old is not problem.
Global Score Files: Earth-spanning, ear-splitting score files.
Kill Files: They are still here, but they can be ignored.
Converting Kill Files: Translating kill files to score files.
GroupLens: Getting predictions on what you like to read.
Advanced Scoring: Using logical expressions to build score rules.
Score Decays: It can be useful to let scores wither away.

GroupLens

Using GroupLens: How to make Gnus use GroupLens.
Rating Articles: Letting GroupLens know how you rate articles.
Displaying Predictions: Displaying predictions given by GroupLens.
GroupLens Variables: Customizing GroupLens.

Advanced Scoring

Advanced Scoring Syntax: A definition.
Advanced Scoring Examples: What they look like.
Advanced Scoring Tips: Getting the most out of it.

Various

Process/Prefix: A convention used by many treatment commands.
Interactive: Making Gnus ask you many questions.
Symbolic Prefixes: How to supply some Gnus functions with options.
Formatting Variables: You can specify what buffers should look like.
Windows Configuration: Configuring the Gnus buffer windows.
Faces and Fonts: How to change how faces look.
Compilation: How to speed Gnus up.
Mode Lines: Displaying information in the mode lines.
Highlighting and Menus: Making buffers look all nice and cozy.
Buttons: Get tendinitis in ten easy steps!
Daemons: Gnus can do things behind your back.
NoCeM: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
Undo: Some actions can be undone.
Moderation: What to do if you're a moderator.
XEmacs Enhancements: There are more pictures and stuff under XEmacs.
Fuzzy Matching: What's the big fuzz?
Thwarting Email Spam: A how-to on avoiding unsolicited commercial email.
Various Various: Things that are really various.

Formatting Variables

Formatting Basics: A formatting variable is basically a format string.
Mode Line Formatting: Some rules about mode line formatting variables.
Advanced Formatting: Modifying output in various ways.
User-Defined Specs: Having Gnus call your own functions.
Formatting Fonts: Making the formatting look colorful and nice.

XEmacs Enhancements

Picons: How to display pictures of what your reading.
Smileys: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown.
Toolbar: Click'n'drool.
XVarious: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables.

Picons

Picon Basics: What are picons and How do I get them.
Picon Requirements: Don't go further if you aren't using XEmacs.
Easy Picons: Displaying Picons---the easy way.
Hard Picons: The way you should do it. You'll learn something.
Picon Useless Configuration: Other variables you can trash/tweak/munge/play with.

Appendices

History: How Gnus got where it is today.
On Writing Manuals: Why this is not a beginner's guide.
Terminology: We use really difficult, like, words here.
Customization: Tailoring Gnus to your needs.
Troubleshooting: What you might try if things do not work.
Gnus Reference Guide: Rilly, rilly technical stuff.
Emacs for Heathens: A short introduction to Emacsian terms.
Frequently Asked Questions: A question-and-answer session.

History

Gnus Versions: What Gnus versions have been released.
Other Gnus Versions: Other Gnus versions that also have been released.
Why?: What's the point of Gnus?
Compatibility: Just how compatible is Gnus with GNUS?
Conformity: Gnus tries to conform to all standards.
Emacsen: Gnus can be run on a few modern Emacsen.
Gnus Development: How Gnus is developed.
Contributors: Oodles of people.
New Features: Pointers to some of the new stuff in Gnus.

New Features

ding Gnus: New things in Gnus 5.0/5.1, the first new Gnus.
September Gnus: The Thing Formally Known As Gnus 5.2/5.3.
Red Gnus: Third time best---Gnus 5.4/5.5.
Quassia Gnus: Two times two is four, or Gnus 5.6/5.7.
Pterodactyl Gnus: Pentad also starts with P, AKA Gnus 5.8/5.9.

Customization

Slow/Expensive Connection: You run a local Emacs and get the news elsewhere.
Slow Terminal Connection: You run a remote Emacs.
Little Disk Space: You feel that having large setup files is icky.
Slow Machine: You feel like buying a faster machine.

Gnus Reference Guide

Gnus Utility Functions: Common functions and variable to use.
Back End Interface: How Gnus communicates with the servers.
Score File Syntax: A BNF definition of the score file standard.
Headers: How Gnus stores headers internally.
Ranges: A handy format for storing mucho numbers.
Group Info: The group info format.
Extended Interactive: Symbolic prefixes and stuff.
Emacs/XEmacs Code: Gnus can be run under all modern Emacsen.
Various File Formats: Formats of files that Gnus use.

Back End Interface

Required Back End Functions: Functions that must be implemented.
Optional Back End Functions: Functions that need not be implemented.
Error Messaging: How to get messages and report errors.
Writing New Back Ends: Extending old back ends.
Hooking New Back Ends Into Gnus: What has to be done on the Gnus end.
Mail-like Back Ends: Some tips on mail back ends.

Various File Formats

Active File Format: Information on articles and groups available.
Newsgroups File Format: Group descriptions.

Emacs for Heathens

Keystrokes: Entering text and executing commands.
Emacs Lisp: The built-in Emacs programming language.

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